Markers of clinical and mitochondrial adaptation in response to moderate intensity continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Vabishchevich V, Smith RT, Bittel AJ (2026) PLOS One
Title and abstract of Markers of clinical and mitochondrial adaptation in response to moderate intensity continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Key Takeaway

Across 14 studies (n=184), moderate-intensity continuous training significantly increased mitochondrial volume density (p<0.00001) and VO2max (p<0.0001), with modest gains in citrate synthase and MFN2, confirming Zone 2-type exercise drives meaningful mitochondrial adaptation.

Summary

This 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis pooled data from 14 studies encompassing 184 participants to quantify the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on mitochondrial markers and clinical fitness outcomes. MICT, which corresponds to Zone 2 intensity, was examined for its effects on mitochondrial volume density, citrate synthase activity, mitofusin-2 (MFN2) expression, and VO2max.

The results demonstrated that MICT significantly increased mitochondrial volume density (p<0.00001) and VO2max (p<0.0001), providing strong statistical evidence that Zone 2-type training drives meaningful mitochondrial and cardiorespiratory adaptation. Citrate synthase activity showed a modest but significant increase (p=0.05), and MFN2, a marker of mitochondrial fusion and network integrity, also increased significantly (p=0.01).

These findings provide direct meta-analytic support for the claim that moderate-intensity continuous training improves mitochondrial health. While effect sizes varied across markers, the consistency of positive findings across multiple mitochondrial and clinical endpoints reinforces the value of Zone 2 training as an evidence-based intervention for metabolic health.

Methods

Systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. Searched multiple databases for randomized controlled trials and controlled studies examining MICT effects on mitochondrial markers. Included 14 studies with 184 total participants. Pooled effect sizes for mitochondrial volume density, citrate synthase activity, MFN2 expression, and VO2max using random-effects models.

Key Results

  • Mitochondrial volume density: significant increase (p<0.00001)
  • VO2max: significant increase (p<0.0001)
  • Citrate synthase activity: modest significant increase (p=0.05)
  • MFN2 (mitochondrial fusion marker): significant increase (p=0.01)
  • Consistent positive direction across all mitochondrial and clinical endpoints

Figures

Limitations

  • Small total sample size (n=184 across 14 studies)
  • Individual studies had small sample sizes, limiting statistical power
  • Heterogeneity in MICT protocols (duration, frequency, modality) across studies
  • Most studies were short-term (weeks to a few months)
  • Limited demographic diversity in study populations
  • Publication bias possible given small study sizes

Related Interventions

Related Studies

Source

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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0339902